Occurrence : Worldwide
Organism : Varicella-zoster virus
Reservoir : Man (Case).
Infected Material : Oropharyngeal secretions,
skin and mucosal lesion’s
secretion.
Transmission : Contact, droplets, fomites.
Control : Immunization of high risk group.
Thursday, March 17, 2011
Tuesday, March 15, 2011
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)
Pulmonary Tuberculosis, an infectious disease primarily affecting the lung parenchyma, caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. It may spread to almost any part of the body, including the meninges, kidney, bones and lymph nodes. The disease is usually chronic with varying clinical manifestation.
The initial infection usually occurs 2 to 10 weeks after exposure. The patient may then develop active disease because of a compromised or inadequate immune system response. TB is worldwide public health problem and the leading cause of death among HIV positive patients.
Risk factor are close contact with infected person residence in overcrowded, immunocompromised, diabetes patient, malnourished patient, people lacking adequate health care.
Its sign and symptoms are low grade fever, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, chest pain, non-productive cough which may progress to mucoprulent sputum with hemoptysis.
Prevention is the ideal form of management like, having balanced diet, living in a clean environment, avoiding close contact with infected person, early BCG immunization, etc. after occurrence of disease, DOTS is done as its treatment.
The initial infection usually occurs 2 to 10 weeks after exposure. The patient may then develop active disease because of a compromised or inadequate immune system response. TB is worldwide public health problem and the leading cause of death among HIV positive patients.
Risk factor are close contact with infected person residence in overcrowded, immunocompromised, diabetes patient, malnourished patient, people lacking adequate health care.
Its sign and symptoms are low grade fever, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, chest pain, non-productive cough which may progress to mucoprulent sputum with hemoptysis.
Prevention is the ideal form of management like, having balanced diet, living in a clean environment, avoiding close contact with infected person, early BCG immunization, etc. after occurrence of disease, DOTS is done as its treatment.
Constipation
Constipation refers to an abnormal infrequency or irregularity of defecation, abnormal hardening of stool that makes their passage difficult and sometimes painful, decrease in stool volume, or prolonged retention of stool in the rectum. Constipation develops when people do not take the time to defecate or as the result of dietary habits (low consumption of fiber and inadequate fluid intake), lack of regular exercise, and stress-filled life. Chronic use of laxatives contributes to this problem, particularly in elderly people.
Sign and symptoms of constipation are abdominal distention, pain, decrease appetite, headache, fatigue, indigestion, sensation of incomplete emptying, straining at stool.
Complication such as hypertension, hemorrhoids, etc.
Management includes increase fluid intake, fiber in diet, and exercise to strengthen abdominal muscles. Beside this explaining the person about the physiology of defecation, emphasis needing the urge to defecate. Suggest establishing a bowel routine (eg. after breakfast or early morning), encouraging patient confined to bed to perform range of motion exercise, turn frequently from side to side and lie prone (if not contraindicated) for 30 minutes every 4 hours.
Sign and symptoms of constipation are abdominal distention, pain, decrease appetite, headache, fatigue, indigestion, sensation of incomplete emptying, straining at stool.
Complication such as hypertension, hemorrhoids, etc.
Management includes increase fluid intake, fiber in diet, and exercise to strengthen abdominal muscles. Beside this explaining the person about the physiology of defecation, emphasis needing the urge to defecate. Suggest establishing a bowel routine (eg. after breakfast or early morning), encouraging patient confined to bed to perform range of motion exercise, turn frequently from side to side and lie prone (if not contraindicated) for 30 minutes every 4 hours.
Cervical cancer
After breast cancer carcinoma of the cervix is the second most common malignant disease in women. It occurs more commonly in women above 40-55 age groups and the age group who is sexually active cervical cancer can be prevented by regular Pap smear of sexually active age group.
Risk factor of cervical cancer are intercourse before 18 years, multiple sex partners, multiparty with poor birth spacing, poor personal and genital hygiene, poor socio-economic status, smoking, immunocompromised individuals, women with history of pre invasive lesion, women who do not come for regular checkup and pap smear.
Sign and symptoms are irregular periods, metrorragia, post coital bleeding, leucorrhoea, offensive discharge, pain in back and leg, fever.
Diagnosis is done by biopsy, histopathology, Pap smear lab investigation, etc.
Prevention of cervical cancer can be done by instructing clients to avoid early intercourse, limit number of sexual partners, use condom, have nutritious diet, emphasis that women should get regular Pap smear test.
Risk factor of cervical cancer are intercourse before 18 years, multiple sex partners, multiparty with poor birth spacing, poor personal and genital hygiene, poor socio-economic status, smoking, immunocompromised individuals, women with history of pre invasive lesion, women who do not come for regular checkup and pap smear.
Sign and symptoms are irregular periods, metrorragia, post coital bleeding, leucorrhoea, offensive discharge, pain in back and leg, fever.
Diagnosis is done by biopsy, histopathology, Pap smear lab investigation, etc.
Prevention of cervical cancer can be done by instructing clients to avoid early intercourse, limit number of sexual partners, use condom, have nutritious diet, emphasis that women should get regular Pap smear test.
Whooping cough (pertusis)
Whooping cough is an acute infectious disease, usually of young children caused by Bordetella pertusis. It is clinically characterized by an insidious onset with mid fever and an irritating cough, becoming paroxymal with the characteristic “whoop”. The spectrum of disease varies from severe illness without whoop. The Chinese call it ‘hundred day cough’.
It is transmmited through direct contact with the discharge of the respiratory mucous, airborn route, probably by droplets frequently from home by an oldersiblings and sometimes by a parent.
Incubation period is most commanly 7-14 days, but not more than 3 weeks.
Its clinical features are that the initial catarrhal stage has an insidious onset with an irritating cough that gradually becomes paroxymal like repeated violet cough might not intervene inhalation but may followed by vomiting, cough might be followed in high pitch in inspiratory pitch, respiratory infection in malnourished child, pneumonia, etc.
Prevention is done through educating the public particularly parents of infants, about the danger of whooping cough and advantages of initiating immunization at 6 weeks of age.
It is transmmited through direct contact with the discharge of the respiratory mucous, airborn route, probably by droplets frequently from home by an oldersiblings and sometimes by a parent.
Incubation period is most commanly 7-14 days, but not more than 3 weeks.
Its clinical features are that the initial catarrhal stage has an insidious onset with an irritating cough that gradually becomes paroxymal like repeated violet cough might not intervene inhalation but may followed by vomiting, cough might be followed in high pitch in inspiratory pitch, respiratory infection in malnourished child, pneumonia, etc.
Prevention is done through educating the public particularly parents of infants, about the danger of whooping cough and advantages of initiating immunization at 6 weeks of age.
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