Occurrence : Worldwide
Organism : Varicella-zoster virus
Reservoir : Man (Case).
Infected Material : Oropharyngeal secretions,
skin and mucosal lesion’s
secretion.
Transmission : Contact, droplets, fomites.
Control : Immunization of high risk group.
Thursday, March 17, 2011
Tuesday, March 15, 2011
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)
Pulmonary Tuberculosis, an infectious disease primarily affecting the lung parenchyma, caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. It may spread to almost any part of the body, including the meninges, kidney, bones and lymph nodes. The disease is usually chronic with varying clinical manifestation.
The initial infection usually occurs 2 to 10 weeks after exposure. The patient may then develop active disease because of a compromised or inadequate immune system response. TB is worldwide public health problem and the leading cause of death among HIV positive patients.
Risk factor are close contact with infected person residence in overcrowded, immunocompromised, diabetes patient, malnourished patient, people lacking adequate health care.
Its sign and symptoms are low grade fever, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, chest pain, non-productive cough which may progress to mucoprulent sputum with hemoptysis.
Prevention is the ideal form of management like, having balanced diet, living in a clean environment, avoiding close contact with infected person, early BCG immunization, etc. after occurrence of disease, DOTS is done as its treatment.
The initial infection usually occurs 2 to 10 weeks after exposure. The patient may then develop active disease because of a compromised or inadequate immune system response. TB is worldwide public health problem and the leading cause of death among HIV positive patients.
Risk factor are close contact with infected person residence in overcrowded, immunocompromised, diabetes patient, malnourished patient, people lacking adequate health care.
Its sign and symptoms are low grade fever, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, chest pain, non-productive cough which may progress to mucoprulent sputum with hemoptysis.
Prevention is the ideal form of management like, having balanced diet, living in a clean environment, avoiding close contact with infected person, early BCG immunization, etc. after occurrence of disease, DOTS is done as its treatment.
Constipation
Constipation refers to an abnormal infrequency or irregularity of defecation, abnormal hardening of stool that makes their passage difficult and sometimes painful, decrease in stool volume, or prolonged retention of stool in the rectum. Constipation develops when people do not take the time to defecate or as the result of dietary habits (low consumption of fiber and inadequate fluid intake), lack of regular exercise, and stress-filled life. Chronic use of laxatives contributes to this problem, particularly in elderly people.
Sign and symptoms of constipation are abdominal distention, pain, decrease appetite, headache, fatigue, indigestion, sensation of incomplete emptying, straining at stool.
Complication such as hypertension, hemorrhoids, etc.
Management includes increase fluid intake, fiber in diet, and exercise to strengthen abdominal muscles. Beside this explaining the person about the physiology of defecation, emphasis needing the urge to defecate. Suggest establishing a bowel routine (eg. after breakfast or early morning), encouraging patient confined to bed to perform range of motion exercise, turn frequently from side to side and lie prone (if not contraindicated) for 30 minutes every 4 hours.
Sign and symptoms of constipation are abdominal distention, pain, decrease appetite, headache, fatigue, indigestion, sensation of incomplete emptying, straining at stool.
Complication such as hypertension, hemorrhoids, etc.
Management includes increase fluid intake, fiber in diet, and exercise to strengthen abdominal muscles. Beside this explaining the person about the physiology of defecation, emphasis needing the urge to defecate. Suggest establishing a bowel routine (eg. after breakfast or early morning), encouraging patient confined to bed to perform range of motion exercise, turn frequently from side to side and lie prone (if not contraindicated) for 30 minutes every 4 hours.
Cervical cancer
After breast cancer carcinoma of the cervix is the second most common malignant disease in women. It occurs more commonly in women above 40-55 age groups and the age group who is sexually active cervical cancer can be prevented by regular Pap smear of sexually active age group.
Risk factor of cervical cancer are intercourse before 18 years, multiple sex partners, multiparty with poor birth spacing, poor personal and genital hygiene, poor socio-economic status, smoking, immunocompromised individuals, women with history of pre invasive lesion, women who do not come for regular checkup and pap smear.
Sign and symptoms are irregular periods, metrorragia, post coital bleeding, leucorrhoea, offensive discharge, pain in back and leg, fever.
Diagnosis is done by biopsy, histopathology, Pap smear lab investigation, etc.
Prevention of cervical cancer can be done by instructing clients to avoid early intercourse, limit number of sexual partners, use condom, have nutritious diet, emphasis that women should get regular Pap smear test.
Risk factor of cervical cancer are intercourse before 18 years, multiple sex partners, multiparty with poor birth spacing, poor personal and genital hygiene, poor socio-economic status, smoking, immunocompromised individuals, women with history of pre invasive lesion, women who do not come for regular checkup and pap smear.
Sign and symptoms are irregular periods, metrorragia, post coital bleeding, leucorrhoea, offensive discharge, pain in back and leg, fever.
Diagnosis is done by biopsy, histopathology, Pap smear lab investigation, etc.
Prevention of cervical cancer can be done by instructing clients to avoid early intercourse, limit number of sexual partners, use condom, have nutritious diet, emphasis that women should get regular Pap smear test.
Whooping cough (pertusis)
Whooping cough is an acute infectious disease, usually of young children caused by Bordetella pertusis. It is clinically characterized by an insidious onset with mid fever and an irritating cough, becoming paroxymal with the characteristic “whoop”. The spectrum of disease varies from severe illness without whoop. The Chinese call it ‘hundred day cough’.
It is transmmited through direct contact with the discharge of the respiratory mucous, airborn route, probably by droplets frequently from home by an oldersiblings and sometimes by a parent.
Incubation period is most commanly 7-14 days, but not more than 3 weeks.
Its clinical features are that the initial catarrhal stage has an insidious onset with an irritating cough that gradually becomes paroxymal like repeated violet cough might not intervene inhalation but may followed by vomiting, cough might be followed in high pitch in inspiratory pitch, respiratory infection in malnourished child, pneumonia, etc.
Prevention is done through educating the public particularly parents of infants, about the danger of whooping cough and advantages of initiating immunization at 6 weeks of age.
It is transmmited through direct contact with the discharge of the respiratory mucous, airborn route, probably by droplets frequently from home by an oldersiblings and sometimes by a parent.
Incubation period is most commanly 7-14 days, but not more than 3 weeks.
Its clinical features are that the initial catarrhal stage has an insidious onset with an irritating cough that gradually becomes paroxymal like repeated violet cough might not intervene inhalation but may followed by vomiting, cough might be followed in high pitch in inspiratory pitch, respiratory infection in malnourished child, pneumonia, etc.
Prevention is done through educating the public particularly parents of infants, about the danger of whooping cough and advantages of initiating immunization at 6 weeks of age.
Shock
Shock is any condition in which the circulatory system is unable to provide adequate circulation to the vital body organs such as the brain, heart and lungs. As a result of the disease in the blood pressure shock is usually accompanied by renal failure, as a normal compensatory mechanism because to keep enough blood to vital organs. If the condition is not treated quickly, the vital organs can fail, ultimatelty causing death. Shock is made worse by fear and pain.
Causes of shock are severe or extensive injuries, severe pain, loss of blood, severe burn, electric, exposure to extreme heat and cold, emotional stress, fright, etc.
Symptoms of shock includes increase heart rate as a result of baro-reflex, pale of skin, cold and clammy skin, dizziness, sweating, fainting, pupils are dilated, unconsciousness may develop, etc.
First aid management for shock are pointing victim by head down position, maintain airway, breathing and circulation, loosen tight clothing, check the vital signs, do not let the victim move unnecessarily and refer to hospital immediately.
Causes of shock are severe or extensive injuries, severe pain, loss of blood, severe burn, electric, exposure to extreme heat and cold, emotional stress, fright, etc.
Symptoms of shock includes increase heart rate as a result of baro-reflex, pale of skin, cold and clammy skin, dizziness, sweating, fainting, pupils are dilated, unconsciousness may develop, etc.
First aid management for shock are pointing victim by head down position, maintain airway, breathing and circulation, loosen tight clothing, check the vital signs, do not let the victim move unnecessarily and refer to hospital immediately.
Appendicitis
Appendicitis is the inflammation of vermiform appendix. It is the common cause of abdominal pain and is life-threatening condition because of systemic sepsis following rupture and abscess formation. Male are affected more than female, teenagers more frequently than adult.
The cause of appendicitis are obstruction, gastrointestinal disease and bacterial invasion.
Symptoms are abdominal pain, periumbillical or epigastric pain that migrates to right lower quadrant,pain becomes persistent, well localized, and it worsen with moving, breathing deeply, coughing, sneezing, walking or being touched. Some sign are muscular rigidity, other are anorexia, nausea and vomiting occurs after the onset of pain, constipation, diarrhea, bladder and rectus stimulus symptoms,Blumberg sign, revsingn sign, bowel sound disappear.
Test for its confirmation for its diagnosis are rectal and vaginal exam, lab test, pregnancy test.
Treatment for appendicitis is very prompt, that are early operation (appendectomy), antibiotic therapy if contraindicated for operation, appendiceal abscess, analgesic can be given after diagnosis is made.
The cause of appendicitis are obstruction, gastrointestinal disease and bacterial invasion.
Symptoms are abdominal pain, periumbillical or epigastric pain that migrates to right lower quadrant,pain becomes persistent, well localized, and it worsen with moving, breathing deeply, coughing, sneezing, walking or being touched. Some sign are muscular rigidity, other are anorexia, nausea and vomiting occurs after the onset of pain, constipation, diarrhea, bladder and rectus stimulus symptoms,Blumberg sign, revsingn sign, bowel sound disappear.
Test for its confirmation for its diagnosis are rectal and vaginal exam, lab test, pregnancy test.
Treatment for appendicitis is very prompt, that are early operation (appendectomy), antibiotic therapy if contraindicated for operation, appendiceal abscess, analgesic can be given after diagnosis is made.
Tetanus
Tetanus is an acute, often fatal disease caused by an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. It is characterized by muscular rigidity which persist throughout illness punctuated by painful paroxysmal spasm of the voluntary muscles of the back and neck and those of the lower limbs and abdomen.
Tetanus spores are usually introduced in the body through a punctured wound contaminated with soil, street dust or animals or humans feces, burns, it occasionally follows surgical procedures like abortion, circumcision.
Incubation period is usually 3-21 days.
The symptoms of tetanus are caused by the tetanus toxin acting on CNS like spasm of the jaw muscles followed by stiffness of the neck, difficulty in swallowing and stiffness if the abdominal muscles, fever, sweating, rapid heart rate, etc.
Prevention of tetanus is done by using sterilized knife, walking without barefoot, etc. Prevention of tetanus after injury can be done by immediate cleaning the wound thoroughly by removing foreign bodies, soil, dust. Immunization is also one of the key measure of its prevention.
Tetanus spores are usually introduced in the body through a punctured wound contaminated with soil, street dust or animals or humans feces, burns, it occasionally follows surgical procedures like abortion, circumcision.
Incubation period is usually 3-21 days.
The symptoms of tetanus are caused by the tetanus toxin acting on CNS like spasm of the jaw muscles followed by stiffness of the neck, difficulty in swallowing and stiffness if the abdominal muscles, fever, sweating, rapid heart rate, etc.
Prevention of tetanus is done by using sterilized knife, walking without barefoot, etc. Prevention of tetanus after injury can be done by immediate cleaning the wound thoroughly by removing foreign bodies, soil, dust. Immunization is also one of the key measure of its prevention.
Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver. Several different viruses cause viral hepatitis. They are named the hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus. All of these viruses can cause acute or short term, viral hepatitis. The hepatitis B, C, and E can cause chronic hepatitis in which the infection is prolonged, sometimes lifelong.
Symptoms produce an initial acute phase, often with few if any symptoms. If there are symptoms they tend to mimic ‘flu-like’ symptoms such as mild fever, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite, diarrhea, and fatigue. As the condition worsens, the person also may experience jaundice, dark urine, enlarged spleen, headache, dizziness, and etc.
Viral hepatitis can be prevented through various means like improving social condition such as safe excreta disposal, adopting sanitary measures, and personal hygiene, using properly sterilized syringe and needles, blood check before transfusion, wash hand well after using bathroom and before eating food, eating fresh food and drinking clean boil boiled water. Beside this immunization with inactivated virus vaccine.
Symptoms produce an initial acute phase, often with few if any symptoms. If there are symptoms they tend to mimic ‘flu-like’ symptoms such as mild fever, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite, diarrhea, and fatigue. As the condition worsens, the person also may experience jaundice, dark urine, enlarged spleen, headache, dizziness, and etc.
Viral hepatitis can be prevented through various means like improving social condition such as safe excreta disposal, adopting sanitary measures, and personal hygiene, using properly sterilized syringe and needles, blood check before transfusion, wash hand well after using bathroom and before eating food, eating fresh food and drinking clean boil boiled water. Beside this immunization with inactivated virus vaccine.
AIDS
AIDS
AIDS refers to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. It is one of the fatal diseases associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. It affect high proportion of the population and has a long incubation period, sometimes up to 10 years or more.
HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids by high risk behaviors such as heterosexual intercourse with HIV infected person, intravenous drug users, unsafe blood transfusion, infants of infected mothers, etc. About 75% of its transmission is through unprotected sex.
Symptoms are widespread and may affect any organ system, symptoms are immediate and most people experience a brief flu like illness, other are fever, fatigue, rash, joint pain, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes. Tuberculosis, identified as the leading cause of HIV-related morbidity. HIV is not transmitted by sharing swimming pool/toilets, eating together, mosquito bite, coughing, dry kissing, sharing clothes, living together in family.
AIDS diagnosis is mainly serological, ELISA, western Blot, culture of blood and tissue. AIDs can be prevented my avoiding unsafe sex, usage blood transfusion, infected syringe, pregnancy of infected woman.
AIDS refers to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. It is one of the fatal diseases associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. It affect high proportion of the population and has a long incubation period, sometimes up to 10 years or more.
HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids by high risk behaviors such as heterosexual intercourse with HIV infected person, intravenous drug users, unsafe blood transfusion, infants of infected mothers, etc. About 75% of its transmission is through unprotected sex.
Symptoms are widespread and may affect any organ system, symptoms are immediate and most people experience a brief flu like illness, other are fever, fatigue, rash, joint pain, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes. Tuberculosis, identified as the leading cause of HIV-related morbidity. HIV is not transmitted by sharing swimming pool/toilets, eating together, mosquito bite, coughing, dry kissing, sharing clothes, living together in family.
AIDS diagnosis is mainly serological, ELISA, western Blot, culture of blood and tissue. AIDs can be prevented my avoiding unsafe sex, usage blood transfusion, infected syringe, pregnancy of infected woman.
Monday, March 14, 2011
Disease
Disease is a disorder or malfunction of the mind or body, which leads to a departure from good health. That can be disorder of a specific tissue or organ due to a single cause or may have many causes which is often referred to as multi factorial including genetic abnormalities, infection by microbes or parasites, chemicals agent, ionizing radiation, behavior (diet and lifestyle habit), physical trauma, degeneration; e.g. excessive use or aging.
Some diseases are simple and can be cure easily but on the other hand, some are fatal like HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, etc. due to lack of adequate knowledge and awareness, today many people are suffering from different kind of diseases because of which their quality of life is being degraded day by day. To have a productive and quality of life, everyone must be alert about their health and must adopt a healthy behavior like having balanced diet, sound sleep, immunization against specific diseases, routinely health checkup and follow up, and so on.
Some diseases are simple and can be cure easily but on the other hand, some are fatal like HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, etc. due to lack of adequate knowledge and awareness, today many people are suffering from different kind of diseases because of which their quality of life is being degraded day by day. To have a productive and quality of life, everyone must be alert about their health and must adopt a healthy behavior like having balanced diet, sound sleep, immunization against specific diseases, routinely health checkup and follow up, and so on.
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